Avaliação do endotélio da córnea de equinos (Equus cabbalus) acondicionado em meio de preservação de córnea Eusol-C®

The objective of this study was evaluate the maintenance of the corneal endothelium of horses in cold EUSOL-C® preservation medium over different periods (seven and 14 days) using scanning electron microscopy. A total of 20 pairs of eyes from horses were analysed. The corneas were divided into four groups of 10 corneas each (G1, G2, G3 and G4): G1 - the samples were kept in the preservation medium for seven days; G3 - the samples were kept in the preservation medium for for 14 days; G2 and G4 were formed by the control corneal buttons of G1 and G3, respectively. The average cell loss observed in G1 was 7.62%, in G2 it was 7.04%, in G3 9.12% and in G4 7.16%. No statistically significant differences were observed between the four groups. It was concluded that the Eusol-C® hypothermic preservation medium provided satisfactory preservation of the corneal endothelium in equine species for up to 14 days.Objetivou-se avaliar a manutenção do endotélio da córnea de equinos em meio de preservação a frio EUSOL-C® em diferentes períodos de acondicionamento (sete e 14 dias) utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram avaliados 40 bulbos oculares de 20 equinos. Os bulbos oculares foram divididos em quatro grupos (G1, G2, G3 e G4), nos quais: G1 foi composto por 10 botões corneais acondicionados em meio de preservação para córnea Eusol-C® durante sete dias; o G3 foi formado por 10 botões corneais acondicionados em meio de preservação para córnea Eusol-C® durante 14 dias. O G2 e G4 foram formados pelas córneas controle armazenadas imediatamente em glutaraldeído. A média da perda celular observada no G1 foi de 7,62%, no G2 foi de 7,04 %, no G3 foi de 9,12% e o no G4 foi de 7,16%. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os quatro grupos. Foi possível concluir que o meio de preservação hipotérmico Eusol-C® proporcionou de forma satisfatória a preservação do endotélio da córnea na espécie equina durante o período de até 14 dias

Atlantoaxial instability secondary to agenesis of the odontoid process of the axis without rupture of the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament in dog

Atlantoaxial instability is a congenital or traumatic or condition that causes cervical pain and varying degrees of neurological dysfunction. A case of atlantoaxial instability secondary to agenesis of the odontoid process of the axis without evidence of rupture of the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament in a dog treated sucessfully is presented. A nine-month-old male Lhasa Apso weighing 8.5 kg was referred to the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre/Brazil. The neurological examination revealed hyperesthesia to palpation of the cranial cervical region, tetraparesis not ambulatory with increased reflexes and proprioceptive deficiency in the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Radiographs of the cervical spine showed agenesis of the odontoid process of the axis without evidence of atlantoaxial instability. The diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability was based on the clinical signs and radiographic examination in the ventrodorsal view. Surgical stabilization was achieved with two Steinmann pins using ventral approach. One week after the surgery, neurological examination evidenced ambulatory tetraparesis and radiograph showed alignment of subluxation and the Steinman pins correctly positioned. In the present case, the clinical improvement was attributed to the joint stabilization and fibrous tissue formation around of the atlantoaxial joint.  

Eyelid Apocrine Hidrocystomas in a Cat

Background: Eyelid apocrine hidrocystoma (AH) is a benign cystic lesion originating from the glands of Moll. These eyelid lesions are rare in cats and there are few cases reported in the literature. The aetiopathogenesis of AH is unknown and the lesion has been interpreted either as proliferative adenomatous tumour or as retention cyst. Defnitive diagnosisrequires biopsy with microscopic examination. Treatment options for eyelid AH include surgical excision, drainage through aspiration, cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen and chemical ablation. The aim is to report a case of bilateral multiple AH of the eyelids in a cat that was successfully treated with surgical excision.Case: A 5-year-old male Himalayan cat was referred to the Ophthalmology Section in the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil with a history of pigmented masses in both eyes that had been progressively enlarging over a 1-year period. Ophthalmic examination revealed two cysts on themedial canthus at the eyelid margin in both eyes. In the left eye was observed mild blepharospasm and lacrimation. Cysts were soft, smooth, round and flled with a dark brownish pigment. The remainder of the ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. Surgical excision of the cysts was indicated with a safety margin. The surgical procedure was performedunder inhalation anaesthesia using an operating microscope. A V-shaped, full-thickness excision of the eyelid containing the cyst was performed. The eyelids were closed with two layers of sutures. No complications were noted during surgery. Microscopic examination revealed cystic dilatation of the sweat glands with a large amount of eosinophilic secretion. EyelidAH was diagnosed based on the results to confrm the diagnosis. The cat recovered and was discharged the following day. The postoperative treatment involved the administration of tramadol (2 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) daily for 3 days. After surgery, the cat had no signs of ocular discomfort. After three years, no recurrence has been observed.Discussion: AH is a benign tumour derived from Moll’s glands. The exact aetiology of AH is unknown. A breed-specifc predisposition among Persian cats has been suggested. In the present case, the ophthalmic examination revealed periocular masses brownish to black, round, soft, and fluid-flled. Multiple pigmented nodules involving the skin of the lower eyelids were observed. In the current case, the cat was of the Himalayan breed and was 5 years old with multiple AH in both eyelids. In terms of clinical features, this case was similar to previous ones reporting eyelid AH in cats. Normally, a defnitive diagnosis is confrmed through histopathology after excisional biopsy. In the current case, diagnose was made on the basis of the clinical fndings, history, and results of histological examination. Treatment options for eyelid AH include surgical excision, aspiration, cryosurgery and chemical ablation with trichloroacetic acid. Surgical removal of the cysts was performed in the current case. Histopathologic examination revealed cystic dilatation of the sweat gland with large amount of eosinophilic secretion. The sutures were removed one week after surgery. Periodic evaluations were conducted and there were no signs of recurrence after three years. In the present case, surgical excision was effective in the treatment of eyelid AH in a cat.Keywords: lid, cystic adenomas, feline

Ilium-Femoral Suture Technique Using Wire of Polydioxanone for Hip Joint Stabilization in a Dog with Traumatic Hip Dislocation

Background: The hip dislocation is the most common traumatic dislocation in dogs. Surgical treatment has better results,but there is still no consensus on the best technique. This study aims to report a case of traumatic hip dislocation in a dog, inwhich case it was decided by extra-articular stabilization, using absorbable monofilament wire of Polydioxanone, throughimplementing the Ilium-Femoral Suture Technique. This surgical thread is composed of a poly dioxanone polymer anddiffers from polyglycolic acid and polyglactin 910 by being a monofilament. The surgical technique consists of making atunnel in the ileum body, in dorsolateral-ventromedial direction and another in the greater trochanter, in the caudally skull.The stabilization is achieved using one or more sutures standard “8”, passing through the two tunnels. The vast majorityof published works on the subject, reports the use of non-absorbable wires, such as surgical nylon or polyamide in themaking of this type of suture, justifying the relevance of this report.Case: A Belgian Malinois breed dog of 2.5-year-old, female, was treated at a private clinic in the city of Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil, with trauma history by trampling. The patient had lack of member support and maintenance of the same inexternal rotation. General anesthesia of the patient, with 5 mg.kg-1 of Propofol (Propovan®), preceded by the application ofpreanesthetic medication with 0.05 mg.kg-1 of acepromazine 0.2% (Acepran®), 0.2 mg.kg-1 of Methadone Hydrochloride5% (Mytedom®) and 3 mg.kg-1 of Ketamine hydrochloride 10% (Quetamina®), allowed the detailed clinical examinationand proper positioning of the patient to perform the radiographic examination. The same show total loss of contact betweenthe articular surface of the acetabulum and the femoral head rights, this being displaced skull-dorsally in relation to theacetabulum. Radiographs were compatible with dislocated hip-skull right dorsal. As an alternative to immediate treatment,we opted for the closed reduction of dislocation and making a Ehmer sling for emergency stabilization and, about 24 hafter, extra-articular surgical stabilization by implementing the Ilium-Femoral suture technique. According to the patient’sauthor reports, the support of the member took place on the 3rd day after surgery. An X-ray control, performed 12 weeksafter the procedure, showed moderate atrophy of the muscles of the right hind limb and mild periosteal reaction in theipsilateral ileum body region.Discussion: The diagnosis of hip traumatic cranio-dorsal dislocation is based on patient history, clinical signs, full orthopedicexamination and radiographic findings. The present patient case was an automobile trampling victim, however, the clinicalsigns presented as lack of support from the member and lack of external rotation may be associated with other disorders ordiseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. The ease of palpation and the elevation of the greater trochanter, in relationto the ischial tuberosity and coxal and radiographs in the medial-lateral and ventral-dorsal projections made it possible toconfirm the diagnosis. To prevent further tissue damage, it was held closed reduction with the patient under general anesthesiaand using an Ehmer sling. Due to the size and the dog’s degree of activity, we opted for the surgical stabilization.Conventional cranio-lateral approach was sufficient to expose the structures without the need for magnification to displaythe ileum body. The surgical technique was simple and easy to perform and the patient remained without a sling or othertype of bandage for immobilization in the postoperative, an advantage of using this technique.Keywords: dog, extra-articular absorbable suture, traumatic hip luxation

Avaliação do endotélio corneano suíno por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após aplicação de azul brilhante a 0,05% na câmara anterior : estudo in vitro

The aim was to investigate the ultrastructural changes in the corneal endothelium of pigs induced by intracameral 0.05% brilliant blue. Twenty swine corneas were separated into two groups, the right eye bulbs (control group) and the left eye bulbs (experimental group) of the same animal. All the eye bulbs were evaluated with specular microscopy. The cornea of the right eye bulbs was excised and in the left eye bulbs 0.2ml of 0.05% brilliant blue vital dye (OPTH-blue®) was injected into the anterior chamber, where it remained for one minute. Then the anterior chamber was cleaned with a balanced salt solution injection and the cornea was excised too. All the corneas were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the changes on the endothelium caused by the brilliant blue dye. There were no significant differences between the right corneal endothelium cells and the left corneal endothelium cells with scanning electron microscopy after intracameral use of 0.05% brilliant blue dye. The 0.05% brilliant blue dye concentration did not cause deleterious effects for the swine corneal endothelium after intracameral use and can be a choice for safe staining of the anterior capsule of the lens in cataract surgery.[Avaliação do endotélio corneano suíno por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após aplicação de azul brilhante a 0,05% na câmara anterior: estudo in vitro.] Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações ultraestruturais no endotélio corneano suíno induzidas pela aplicação intracameral do corante azul brilhante 0,05%, vinte córneas suínas foram separadas em dois grupos: olhos direitos (grupo controle) e olhos esquerdos (grupo experimental). Inicialmente todos os bulbos oculares foram avaliados por microscopia especular. As córneas dos bulbos oculares do grupo controle foram excisadas, enquanto nos bulbos oculares do grupo experimental foram injetados 0,2ml do corante vital azul brilhante 0,05% na câmara anterior e mantido por um minuto. Após esse período a câmara anterior foi lavada com solução salina balanceada e as córneas foram excisadas. Todas as córneas excisadas foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para verificar a ocorrência possíveis alterações no endotélio corneano causadas pelo corante. Não foram observadas diferenças ultraestruturais durante a avaliação endotelial por microscopia eletrônica de varredura das córneas do grupo controle e experimental após a aplicação do azul brilhante 0,05% na câmara anterior. O corante azul brilhante na concentração 0,05% não causou danos endoteliais após seu uso intracameral em suínos e pode ser uma alternativa segura para a coloração da cápsula anterior da lente na cirurgia de catarata

Specular microscopy of the different regions of the cornea in enucleated swine eyes - ex vivo evaluation

The objective of this study was to determine the endothelial cell density (ECD) and hexagonality of the cornea in the different regions of healthy swine corneal endothelium using specular microscopy. Twenty-four eyeballs from 12 male, 6-month-old Large White pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were studied. Contact specular microscopy was performed in the central, superior, inferior, lateral and medial regions. The corneal parameters analysed in this study were ECD and hexagonality. The ECD in the central region was 1865 cells/mm²; in the upper region, it was 1877 cells/mm², in the lower region, it was 1854 cells/mm², in the lateral region, it was 1847 cells/mm², in the medial region, it was 1831 cells/mm². Hexagonality in the central region, was 53%; in the upper region, it was 54%, in the lower region, it was 54%, in the lateral region, it was 54%, in the medial region, it was 54%. There was no significant difference regarding to the evaluated parameters in all corneal regions evaluated. No statistically significantly differences were observed in ECD and hexagonality between the left and the right eyes. This study demonstrates that ECD and hexagonality of the central cornea area represent the entire endothelial mosaic. Keywords: cornea; endothelium; morphology; cell count, swine

Efeitos da curva diária e da idade na pressão intraocular em cavalos Crioulos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy Criollo horses using a rebound tonometer throughout the day. In addition, assessments were made in horses of different ages. Twenty-seven horses, male and female, were divided into three groups by age: Group I (3-5 years old), Group II (6-8 years old), and Group III: (9-16 years old). Ophthalmic examinations were performed using the Schirmer tear test, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein test and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Seven measurements of IOP were assessed on the same day (at 6:00 am, 9:00 am, 12:00 am, 3:00 pm, 6:00 pm, 9:00 pm and 00:00 pm). A t-test was used when there were two groups of comparisons and ANOVA was used to detect differences in IOP between measurement times and between age categories. The average IOP was 28.4 ± 3.7 mmHg for all eyes. The mean IOP for Groups I, II and III were 29.2 ± 3.5, 28.4 ± 4.3 and 27.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically difference between right and left eyes. There was a significant difference between Group I and Group III (P = 0.008). There were no statistically significant differences between measurements recorded at different times of the day (P = 0.560). The IOP was not influenced by the circadian rhythm, but older horses showed reduced IOP.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a pressão intraocular (PIO) com um tonômetro rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula ao longo do dia. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações em cavalos de diferentes idades. Vinte e sete cavalos, machos ou fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a idade: Grupo I (3 a 5 anos), Grupo II (6 a 8 anos) e Grupo III (9 a 16 anos). O exame oftálmico incluiu teste da lágrima de Schirmer, biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda, prova da fluoresceína e oftalmoscopia indireta. Sete medidas de PIO foram realizadas no mesmo dia (às 6h, 9h, 12h, 15h, 18h, 21h e 24h). O teste t foi usado quando havia dois grupos de comparações e a análise de variância (ANOVA) foi usada para detectar diferenças na PIO entre os momentos de medição e entre as categorias de idade. A PIO média foi de 28,4 ± 3,7 mmHg para todos os olhos. A PIO média dos grupos I, II e III foi de 29,2 ± 3,5, 28,4 ± 4,3 e 27,7 ± 3,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. Houve diferença entre o grupo I e o grupo III (P = 0,008). Não houve diferença entre as medidas registradas em diferentes momentos do dia (P = 0,560). A PIO aferida com tonômetro de rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula saudáveis não sofreu influência da hora do dia em que foi realizada, mas foi menor em equinos mais velhos

Avaliação do endotélio corneano de equinos após exposição à indocianina verde 0,5% : estudo in vitro

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether indocyanine green (ICG) dye damages the corneal endothelium of horses. Twenty-four corneas of 12 healthy equines, males or females, of different ages were used in this study. Only eyes with no ocular findings were used. Randomly, one eye was included in the treatment group and one in the control group. The eyes of the treatment group were exposed for 1 minute to dye ICG 0.5%. After that the endothelium of all eyes was stained with trypan blue and alizarin red S and analyzed and photographed under an optical microscope. Areas with damaged endothelial cells were manually measured and quantified using software for morphometric analysis and expressed as a percentage of cell damage. In all eyes examined areas of cell damage were observed in both corneas of the control group and the treatment group. The mean endothelial damage was 0.8 ± 0.37% in the treatment group and 0.97 ± 0.39% in the control. The Qui-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different. The ICG 0.5% did not cause acute damage to equine corneal endothelium.O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se indocianina verde (ICG) induz dano nas células do endotélio da córnea de equinos. Vinte e quatro córneas de 12 equinos saudáveis, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. Somente olhos hígidos foram utilizados. Aleatoriamente, um olho foi incluído no grupo controle e outro no grupo tratamento. Os olhos do grupo tratamento foram expostos durante um minuto à indocianina verde a 0,5%. Posteriormente, o endotélio da córnea foi corado com azul de tripano e vermelho de alizarina, analisado e fotografado usando microscópio óptico. As áreas com células endoteliais danificadas foram aferidas e quantificadas utilizando um software para análise morfométrica. Os valores encontrados foram expressos como percentual de perda celular. Em todos os olhos examinados foram observadas áreas de dano celular, tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. A perda celular endotelial média foi de 0,8±0,37% no grupo tratamento e 0,97 ± 0,39% no grupo controle. O teste Qui-quadrado confirmou que os grupos tratamento e controle não diferiram. Foi possível concluir que a ICG 0,5% não causou dano agudo nas células do endotélio da córnea de equinos

Modified Eye Evisceration in a Tropical Screech Owl (Megascops choliba)

Background: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. The left eye was normal. Removal of the right eye was recommended and a modified eye evisceration was performed. No complications were observed during or after surgery. The objective of this paper is to describe the modified eye evisceration technique that was successfully used in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Case: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. Two previous surgical treatments have been carried out but have not been successful. Using a portable slit-lamp (Kowa SL-15®), both eyes were examined. The left eye was normal. Upon ophthalmic examination of the right eye, the owl demonstrated blepharospasm and large central corneal ulcer. Removal of the right eye was recommended. The bird received midazolam hydrochloride [Dormire® - 1 mg/kg, IM] and ketamine hydrochloride [Ketamina® - 5 mg/kg IM] as pre-anesthetic medications. Subsequently, the bird was anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine®) by facemask for induction, and then maintained with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. With the aid of a surgical microscope and microsurgery materials, a modified eye evisceration was performed. Post-operatively, the owl received meloxicam [Maxicam® - 0.5 mg/kg, IM] and tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® - 15 mg/kg, orally for 4 days]. The day after surgery, the owl was comfortable and its usual appetite was regained. The patient remained hospitalized for 3 weeks and was evaluated daily. The skin sutures were removed 10 days after the surgical procedure and the surgical wound had healed normally. The patient was reintroduced into the wild after 2 months. During the 6 months post-release, the bird was evaluated once a month, and no complications were observed.Discussion: Severe eye trauma and complicated corneal ulcers are common causes of eyeball removal in birds. In birds, there is a high risk of complications during enucleation. The fragility of the orbital bones makes them susceptible to trauma during the surgery. Evisceration involves the removal of the inner contents of the eye while leaving the cornea and the sclera intact. In the current case, evisceration was chosen because the eye was blind, and maintaining a blind eye would be a source of pain and infection. In the modified evisceration technique, the risk of complications is minimal compared to enucleation, mainly because surgical manipulation is minimal. In our case, the total surgery time was 20 min. Another complication reported after enucleation in birds is the possibility of disfiguring the bird because the removal of the globe disturbs the natural head balance. To avoid these complications, the use of an intraocular prosthesis after evisceration in birds has been performed. However, owls have a tubular-shaped globe with scleral ossicles. These factors could hinder or even prevent the accommodation of a cylindrical silicone prosthesis. In the present case, an intraocular prosthesis implant was never considered due to the unavailability of the prosthesis and to avoid the risk of postoperative complications that have been reported from the literature in dogs. In this case, the owl recovered well from anesthesia without complications, and no postoperative hemorrhage was observed. No signs of pain were observed during the postoperative period and the owl had already shown an appetite and fed on the first postoperative day. The previously published reports using the modified evisceration technique also demonstrated an absence of pain signs during the postoperative period

Reparação de perfuração ocular em um cão usando pericárdio homólogo preservado em glicerina

As lesões de córnea ocorrem frequentemente em cães. Várias técnicas cirúrgicas são propostas para reparar perfuração de córnea, incluindo flapes conjuntivais, ceratoplastias, enxertos corneanos e implantes biológicos. Um caso de perfuração ocular em um cão tratado com pericárdio homólogo conservado em glicerina é apresentado. Oito anos de idade, macho, Pit Bull foi encaminhado ao Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) com 12 horas de perfuração corneana. O exame oftálmico revelou desconforto ocular, epífora, hiperemia conjuntival e perfuração corneana central com 5mm no olho direito. A correção cirúrgica foi realizada utilizando pericárdio homólogo conservado em glicerina. O uso de pericárdio homólogo conservado em glicerina foi efetivo na reparação do defeito corneano, preservando as funções e a anatomia oculares